Single feedback input for regulation at both positive and negative voltage levels

ABSTRACT

A voltage regulator provides a regulated output load voltage at either a positive level or an inverted level relative to an input supply voltage. A switching circuit and control circuit are formed on an integrated circuit having a single pin for coupling to regulator feedback signal. The feedback signal is applied directly to the feedback pin during both positive voltage level regulation and inverted voltage level regulation. The feedback signal may be produced by a feedback circuit comprising an impedance element formed in the integrated circuit.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to control of a voltage regulator, more particularly to a regulator that can be operated for positive or inverted voltage level regulation with the same feedback configuration.

BACKGROUND

Voltage converters are known that provide regulated output load voltages at levels above, at, or below nominal input supply voltages at the same or inverted polarity. Diagrams of two such known converters are broadly shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. FIG. 1A depicts a step-up, or boost, converter that includes an integrated circuit switching regulator such as, for example, the LT1930 produced by Linear Technology. FIG. 1B depicts an inverting converter that includes a switching regulator such as, for example, the LT1931 produced by Linear Technology, or equivalent. In each device, the switching regulator and control circuit therefor are incorporated in an integrated circuit chip 10, which has a plurality of pins formed thereon for interfacing with external elements.

Each converter comprises an input capacitor 12, coupled between voltage supply input node V_(IN) and ground, and an output capacitor 14 coupled between output node V_(OUT) and ground. The output node is coupled to a load to provide regulated voltage thereto. Resistors 16 and 18 are coupled in series between the output node and ground. The junction between resistors 16 and 18 provides a feedback voltage that is proportional to the load voltage.

The conversion functionality is dependent upon the configuration of the external elements and their connections with the pins of chip 10. In the boost converter of FIG. 1A, inductor 20 and diode 22 are coupled in series between the V_(IN) and V_(OUT) nodes. The junction between inductor 20 and diode 22 is coupled to a switch internal to the chip 10 via a pin SW. The feedback voltage is coupled to a switch control circuit internal to the chip 10 via a pin FB. In the inverting converter of FIG. 1B, inductor 20 capacitor 24 and inductor 26 are coupled in series between the V_(IN) and V_(OUT) nodes. Diode 22 is coupled between the junction of capacitor 24 and inductor 26 and ground. Capacitor 28 is coupled in parallel with resistor 16. The feedback voltage is coupled to via a pin NFB.

The integrated circuit chip 10 for both converters comprises similar, well-known, circuitry. FIG. 2 is a partial block diagram that illustrates chip elements to the left of the dashed line area and typical external regulator elements represented by block 15. Signal responsive switch 30 and resistor 32 are connected in series between inductor 20 and ground. The switch current Isw is sensed at the junction between switch 30 and resistor 32. Switch 30 is controlled by circuit 34. When switch 30 is in a conductive state, current flows from source V_(IN) through inductor 20 and resistor 32 to ground. When the switch is turned off, energy stored in the inductor is transferred to the capacitor 14. By appropriately timing the on and off states of the switch 30, a regulated boost voltage is maintained at the output node of capacitor in the configuration of FIG. 1A, or a regulated inverted voltage is maintained at the output node of capacitor in the configuration of FIG. 1B.

Switching control circuit 34 typically comprises latch circuitry and switch driver circuitry. A set input is coupled to clock 36, which may generate pulses in response to an oscillator. During normal operation, the latch is activated to initiate a switched current pulse when the set input receives each clock pulse. The switched current pulse is terminated when the reset input receives an input signal, thereby determining the width of the switched current pulse. The reset input is coupled to the output of comparator 38. For boost regulation, output voltage feedback signal V_(FB) is coupled to a negative input of error amplifier 40. A voltage reference V_(REF) is applied to the positive input of error amplifier 40. Capacitor 42 is coupled between the output of error amplifier 40 and ground.

The level of charge of capacitor 42, and thus its voltage V_(C), is varied in dependence upon the output of amplifier 40. As load current increases, the output voltage, and thus V_(FB), decreases. As the feedback voltage V_(FB) decreases, V_(C) increases. Thus, V_(C) is proportional to load current. V_(C) is coupled to the inverting input of comparator 38. The non-inverting input is coupled to adder 44. Adder 44 combines signal I_(SW), which is proportional to the sensed switch current, with a compensation signal. Upon switch activation in response to a clock set signal, switch current builds through inductor 20. When the level of the signal received from adder 44 exceeds V_(C), comparator 38 generates a reset signal to terminate the switched current pulse. During heavier loads, V_(C) increases and the switched current pulse accordingly increases in length to appropriately regulate the output voltage V_(OUT) at the boost level. Such operation is typical current mode control. Alternatively, duty cycle can be regulated in voltage mode control.

In the boost configuration of FIG. 2, the output voltage is a positive level and the positive feedback voltage V_(FB) is applied to the FB pin, shown in FIG. 1A. For an inverting converter, the output voltage is a negative level and the negative feedback voltage V_(FB) is applied to the NFB pin, shown in FIG. 1B. The feedback voltage is then changed in sign to a positive value and applied to the negative input of error amplifier 40. Thus the elements, of a single integrated circuit chip, shown in FIG. 2, can be made operable for both boost and inverting regulation.

Traditional methods for implementing a single integrated circuit chip for use in either a boost or inverting voltage converter require the use of two or three pins of the chip. One conventional method is illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C. FIG. 3A depicts chip 10 with pins A, B and C illustrated. Pin A is permanently connected to voltage reference V_(REF)., supplied by an external source. Pin B is connected internally to the positive input of error amplifier 40. Pin C is connected internally to the negative input of error amplifier 40. Additional connections are made externally to pins A, B and C to provide for the boost regulation configuration, as illustrated in FIG. 3B, or the inverting regulation configuration, as illustrated in FIG. 3C.

In the FIG. 3B arrangement, pins A and B are connected together externally. Thus V_(REF) is applied to the positive input of error amplifier 40. Feedback voltage V_(FB), from the junction of resistors 16 and 18 is applied to the negative input of error amplifier 40 via pin C. This configuration is the same as that illustrated in FIG. 2. The output of error amplifier 40 will vary in accordance with the output load and the switch 30 is controlled accordingly.

In the FIG. 3C arrangement, pin C is connected externally to ground. Pin B is connected externally to the junction between resistors 16 and 18. Resistors 16 and 18 are coupled in series across V_(REF), at resistor 16, and −V_(OUT), at resistor 18. When the load increases, the absolute value of V_(OUT) decreases, and thus the V_(C), output of error amplifier 40, increases. The conductive period of the switch 30 is controlled to vary in accordance with load current in the same manner as in the boost operation.

Another known method for boost conversion and inverting conversion implementation is illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4C. FIG. 4A depicts chip 10 with pins A and B illustrated. Pin A is connected internally to the negative input of error amplifier 40. The positive input of error amplifier 40 is connected internally to ground. The output of error amplifier 40 is connected to the negative input of error amplifier 41 through diode 43. Pin B is connected internally to the negative input of error amplifier 41. The positive input of error amplifier 41 is connected to V_(REF), which may be generated internally within chip 10. The output of error amplifier 41 produces voltage V_(C).

FIG. 4B illustrates the external connections to pins A and B for the arrangement shown in FIG. 4A for boost converter operation. Pin A is externally connected to the junction of resistors 16 and 18, which produces the feedback voltage V_(FB). Pins A and B are connected, externally, to each other. With this configuration, the feedback voltage V_(FB) is applied to the negative input of error amplifier 41 with V_(REF) applied at the positive input. V_(C) is output to vary with load, as in the operation of FIG. 2, described above.

FIG. 4C illustrates the pin connections of the FIG. 4A arrangement for inverting operation. Pin A is externally connected to the junction of resistors 16 and 18, which produces the feedback voltage V_(FB). Pin B is connected externally to the other end of resistor 18. As V_(OUT) has negative polarity in inverting operation, V_(FB) is negative. Error amplifier 40 produces a positive output, which is applied via diode 43 to the negative input of error amplifier 41. The absolute value of feedback voltage V_(FB), increases for lighter load currents and decreases for heavier load currents. When the input to pin A becomes more negative (lighter load), the output of error amplifier 40, applied to the negative input of error amplifier 41, increases to decrease the output V_(C) of error amplifier 41. Thus V_(C) varies in correspondence with the increase and decrease of load current to obtain the same manner of regulation of switch 30 as in the operation of FIG. 2, described above.

The known arrangements require dedication of a plurality of IC pins to be externally reconfigured for operation as both boost and inverting conversion. The arrangement of FIGS. 3A-3C utilizes a single error amplifier, a permanent external connection of pin A to the reference voltage, and a reconfiguration of external connections to pins A through C when changing between boost and inverting converter operation. The arrangement of FIGS. 4A-4C utilizes two error amplifiers but still requires two pins for circuit reconfiguration when changing between boost and inverting converter operation. A need still exists for an integrated circuit switching regulator that needs no internal change for operation at either boost of inverting conversion while minimizing the number of pins needed to reconfigure operation.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The subject matter described herein fulfills the above-described needs of the prior art. In one aspect, a voltage regulator can be configured to provide a regulated output load voltage at either a positive level or an inverted level relative to an input supply voltage. A feedback signal is derived that varies with load voltage. A control signal is generated that is variable proportionately with load current and is applied to control a switching circuit of the regulator. To generate the control signal, a control current is supplied from a current source to a control circuit of the switching circuit. The supplied current is diverted from the control circuit when the voltage of the feedback signal is greater than a positive reference voltage and when the voltage of the feedback signal is less than ground voltage. The switching circuit and the control circuit are formed on an integrated circuit having a single feedback pin. The feedback signal is applied directly to the feedback pin during both positive voltage level regulation and inverted voltage level regulation. The feedback signal may be produced by a feedback circuit comprising an impedance element formed in the integrated circuit.

Additional aspects and advantages will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only the preferred embodiments are shown and described, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the disclosed concepts are applicable to other and different embodiments, and the disclosed details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Implementations of the present invention are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams of a known voltage regulator that can be configured as shown, respectively, for boost or inverting voltage regulation.

FIG. 2 is a partial block diagram that illustrates typical regulator elements that may be utilized in the voltage regulator of FIGS. 1A and 1B.

FIGS. 3A-3C are partial diagrams illustrative of a known method for implementing a single integrated circuit chip for use in either a boost or inverting voltage converter.

FIGS. 4A-4C are partial diagrams illustrative of another known method for implementing a single integrated circuit chip for use in either a boost or inverting voltage converter.

FIG. 5 is a partial circuit diagram of a feedback control scheme for a voltage regulator capable of boost or inverting voltage conversion illustrative of the disclosed concepts.

FIG. 6 is a waveform of a transfer function from a feedback node to a control node in the circuit of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram by which the scheme of FIG. 5 may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The feedback control scheme illustrated in FIG. 5 is implemented in an integrated circuit chip 10, indicated within the dash line border. Output voltage V_(OUT) is coupled via feedback resistor 16 to a chip pin to apply the feedback voltage V_(FB) thereto. The remainder of the elements illustrated are formed in the integrated circuit. Coupled in series between an internally generated voltage reference V_(REF) and ground are resistors 50 and 52, which may be of equal resistance. The junction of resistors 50 and 52 is internally connected to the feedback pin. V_(REF) is connected to the positive input of error amplifier 40. The negative input of error amplifier 40 is connected to the positive input of error amplifier 41. The negative input of error amplifier 41 is connected to ground. The feedback pin is connected to the junction 51 between the negative input of error amplifier 40 and the positive input of error amplifier 41.

Control signal line V_(C) is coupled to current source 54. Error amplifier 40 is coupled to current source 54 through diode 56, which is poled in a direction to draw current from the current source. Error amplifier 41 is coupled to current source 54 through diode 58, which is poled in a direction to draw current from the current source.

In operation, V_(FB) is at a positive voltage level for boost voltage conversion and at a negative voltage level for inverting voltage conversion. During boost operation the positive input to error amplifier 41 is greater than its negative input, which is grounded. The output of error amplifier 41 thus will be high, turning off diode 58. Error amplifier 41 is thus of no effect on V_(C) during boost operation. V_(FB), a function of feedback circuit resistors 16, 50 and 52, is applied to the negative input of error amplifier 40.

When V_(FB) is less than V_(REF), the output of error amplifier will be high to prevent conduction of current through diode 56. This condition corresponds to high load current converter operation. The current of current source 54 is completely directed to V_(C). The switching regulator will deliver high current to the output in response to the resulting high level of V_(C). When the output voltage increases during low load conditions such that V_(FB) exceeds V_(REF), the output of error amplifier 40 will be negative, rendering diode 56 conductive. Current from current source 54 will be diverted to error amplifier 40, thereby lowering the level of V_(C). In response, the switching regulator will deliver lower current to the output. Thus V_(C) will decrease in accordance with a decrease in load. The switching regulator functions in this manner in both current mode regulation and voltage mode regulation.

During inverting voltage conversion operation, V_(OUT) is at negative polarity. The positive input to error amplifier 40, V_(REF), is greater than the feedback voltage, V_(FB), at its negative input. The output of error amplifier 40 thus will be high, turning off diode 56. Error amplifier 40 is thus of no effect on V_(C) during inverting operation. During high load condition operation, the absolute value V_(OUT) is lower than the nominal regulated level. V_(FB) at the positive input to error amplifier 41 will be equal to or greater than its grounded negative input. The output of error amplifier 41 will be high to prevent conduction of current through diode 56. The current of current source 54 is completely directed to V_(C). The switching regulator will deliver high current to the output in response to the resulting high level of V_(C).

During low load conditions, V_(OUT) becomes more negative such that voltage at the grounded negative input to error amplifier 41 exceeds the value of V_(FB) applied to its positive input. The output of error amplifier 41 will be negative to render diode 58 conductive. Current from current source 54 will be diverted to error amplifier 41, thereby lowering the level of V_(C). In response, the switching regulator will deliver lower current to the output.

The internal resistor 52 can replace the external resistor, such as resistor 18, conventionally used in a load feedback circuit. The circuit of FIG. 5 provides for appropriate regulation in accordance with load conditions in both boost and inverting operations. In both operations, current applied to the V_(C) node by the feedback network is based on the resistance of internal resistors 50 and 52, external resistance 16 and the value of V_(OUT). Only a single pin (V_(FB) ) of the integrated circuit chip is necessary for implementing selection between boost converter or inverting converter operation.

FIG. 6 is a waveform of a transfer function from the feedback node V_(FB) to the V_(C) node in the circuit of FIG. 5. The Y axis represents the voltage or current level at line V_(C). The X axis represents the level at the V_(FB) pin. At a V_(FB) level of V_(REF), the level of V_(C) transitions steeply between levels A and B. This operation represents boost mode in which the high gain of error amplifier 40 causes V_(C) to servo about the V_(REF) feedback level. When V_(FB) falls below the V_(REF) level, V_(C) assumes the high B level. When V_(FB) is above the V_(REF) level, the level of V_(C) is driven at the lower A level. In inverting mode operation, the level of V_(C) servos between levels A and B at zero feedback level by means of high gain error amplifier 41.

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram for implementing the scheme of FIG. 5. The functionality of the error amplifiers 40 and 41 of FIG. 5 is obtained by the configuration of PNP transistors 70, 72, 74 and 76, and NPN transistors 78 and 80. Emitters of transistors 70 and 72 are connected together and to current source 71. Emitters of transistors 74 and 76 are connected together and to current source 75. The base of transistor 70 is connected to V_(REF). The bases of transistors 72 and 74 are connected together and to V_(FB). The base of transistor 76 is connected to ground.

The collector of transistor 78 is connected to its base and to current source 79. The collector of transistor 80 is coupled to current source 81, a junction therebetween producing the output V_(C). The base of transistor 78 is connected to the base of transistor 80. Resistors 86 and 90 are connected in series between the emitter of transistor 78 and ground. Resistors 88 and 92 are connected in series between the emitter of transistor 80 and ground. The collectors of transistors 70 and 74 are connected to the emitter of transistor 78. The collectors of transistors 72 and 76 are connected to the junction between resistors 88 and 92, respectively via resistors 82 and 84. Transistors 78 and 80 are matched and are connected in a current mirror configuration.

In operation, transistors 70 and 72 steer current from current source 71 to the current paths in series with transistors 78 and 80. When V_(FB) is higher than V_(REF), most of the current traverses transistor 70. The current from current source 71 is then directly primarily to the series connected resistors 86 and 90. When V_(FB) is lower than V_(REF), most of the current traverses transistor 72. The current from current source 71 is then directed primarily to the series connected resistors 82 and 92.

Transistors 74 and 76 steer current from current source 75 to the current paths in series with transistors 78 and 80. When V_(FB) is higher than ground, most of the current traverses transistor 76. The current from current source 75 is then directed primarily to the series connected resistors 84 and 92. When V_(FB) is lower than ground, most of the current traverses transistor 74. Current from current source 75 is then directed primarily to the series connected resistors 86 and 90.

The values of current sources 71, 75, 79, and 81, and resistors 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, and 92 can be selected to obtain the boost mode and inverting mode operation transfer function illustrated in FIG. 6. As an example, the following values are set. Current sources 71 and 75 provide currents of 4 μamp and current sources 79 and 81 provide currents of 2 μamp. Resistors 82, 84, 86 and 88 are 20 kΩ and resistors 90 and 92 are 10 kΩ. V_(REF) is set at 1.25 volt.

In boost operation, the voltage level of V_(FB) that corresponds to the V_(C) transition in the transfer function of FIG. 6 is 1.25 volt. At this value of V_(FB), transistor 74 will be non-conductive, transistor 76 will conduct 4 μamp from current source 75, and transistors 70 and 72 will each conduct 2 μamp from current source 71. 2 μamp from current source 81 will traverse transistor 80. The current at resistor 92 is a superposition of 2 μamp from current source 71 via transistor 72, 4 μamp from current source 75 via transistor 76, and 2 μamp from current source 81 via transistor 80. The voltage at the emitter of transistor 80, V_(C), is substantially the sum of the voltages across resistors 88 (40 mv) and 92 (80 mv), or 120 mv. Current of 4 μamp traverses resistors 86 and 90. The voltage at the emitter of transistor 78 is the sum of the voltages across resistors 86 (80 mv) and 90 (40 mv), or 120 mv. Transistors 78 and 80 are thus evenly balanced at the higher transition level.

As the load decreases, V_(FB) increases above the 1.25 volt V_(REF). Current through transistor 72 will decrease and current through transistor 70 will increase. As the current steered to resistor 92 from current source 71 decreases, V_(C) decreases. As the load increases, V_(FB) decreases. Current through transistor 72 will increase and current through transistor 70 will decrease. As the current steered to resistor 92 from current source 71 increases, V_(C) increases.

In inverting mode operation, the voltage level of V_(FB) that corresponds to the V_(C) transition in the transfer function of FIG. 6 is 0 volt. At this value of V_(FB), transistor 70 will be nonconductive, transistor 72 will conduct 4 μamp from current source 71, and transistors 74 and 76 will each conduct 2 μamp from current source 75. 2 μamp from current source 81 will traverse transistor 88. The current at resistor 92 is a superposition of 2 μamp from current source 81 via transistor 80, 4 μamp from current source 71 via transistor 72, and 2 μamp from current source 75 via transistor 76. The voltage at the emitter of transistor 80, V_(C), is substantially the sum of the voltages across resistors 88 (40 mv) and 92 (80 mv), or 120 mv. Current of 4 μamp traverses resistors 86 and 90. The voltage at the emitter of transistor 78 is the sum of the voltages across resistors 86 (80 mv) and 90 (40 mv), or 120 mv. Transistors 78 and 80 are thus evenly balanced at the lower transition level.

As the load increases, V_(FB) increases above ground level. Current through transistor 74 will decrease and current through transistor 76 will increase. As the current steered to resistor 92 from current source 75 increases, V_(C) increases. As the load decreases, V_(FB) decreases. Current through transistor 74 will increase and current through transistor 76 will decrease. As the current steered to resistor 92 from current source 75 decreases, V_(C) decreases.

In this disclosure there are shown and described only preferred embodiments of the invention and but a few examples of its versatility. It is to be understood that the invention is capable of use in various other combinations and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein. For example, the transistor pairs depicted in FIG. 7 may be selected to match a particular ratio other than being evenly matched. Circuit elements of this figure may be selected to obtain different feedback voltage transition points, which can be correlated to various selected values of voltage regulation for boost mode and inverted mode operation. The functionality of the disclosed embodiments are applicable to supply voltages of negative polarity as well as positive polarity. 

1. A voltage converter comprising: a switching circuit having an input node coupled to receive a supply voltage; regulator circuitry coupled to the switching circuit, the regulator circuitry selectively configurable to provide at an output node a regulated load voltage either with the same polarity as the supply voltage or with an inverted polarity relative to the supply voltage; a control circuit comprising an input node and a control signal output node coupled to the control input of the switching circuit to provide a control signal thereto; and a feedback circuit comprising a feedback node having a voltage level related to the load voltage, the feedback node directly coupled to the control circuit input node for regulation at both the same voltage polarity and inverted voltage polarity relative to the polarity of the supply voltage; wherein the control signal is proportional to load current.
 2. A voltage converter as recited in claim 1, wherein the regulated load voltage level is a boosted level having the same polarity as the supply voltage.
 3. A voltage converter as recited in claim 1, wherein the switching circuit and the control circuit are formed on an integrated circuit having a feedback pin to which the control circuit input node is tied.
 4. A voltage converter as recited in claim 3, wherein the feedback circuit further comprises a plurality of impedances configured electrically in series across the load.
 5. A voltage converter as recited in claim 4, wherein the plurality of impedances is external to the integrated circuit, and the feedback node is coupled to the control circuit input node by the feedback pin.
 6. A voltage converter as recited in claim 4, wherein one of the plurality of impedances is formed on the integrated circuit.
 7. A voltage converter as recited in claim 3, wherein the control circuit further comprises first and second error amplifiers, and the feedback pin is coupled to a junction between a negative input of the first error amplifier and a positive input of the second error amplifier.
 8. A voltage converter as recited in claim 7, wherein a positive input of the first error amplifier is coupled to an internal reference voltage line and the negative input of the second error amplifier is coupled to ground.
 9. A voltage converter as recited in claim 8, wherein the control circuit further comprises: a current source coupled in series with the control signal output node; a first diode coupled between a junction of the current source and the control signal output node and the output of the first error amplifier; and a second diode coupled between a junction of the current source and the control signal output node and the output of the second error amplifier; wherein the first diode is connected in a configuration to draw current from the current source to the output of the first error amplifier when the feedback voltage is greater than the reference voltage, and the second diode is connected in a configuration to draw current from the current source to the output of the second error amplifier when the feedback voltage is less than ground voltage.
 10. A voltage converter as recited in claim 3, wherein the control circuit further comprises: a first differential transistor pair coupled between a first current source and the control signal output node, the first differential pair transistors having control inputs coupled, respectively, to a first reference voltage and to the feedback node; and a second differential transistor pair coupled between a second current source and the control signal output node, the second differential pair transistors having control inputs coupled, respectively, to a second reference voltage and to the feedback node.
 11. A voltage converter as recited in claim 10, wherein the first reference voltage has a positive polarity and the second reference voltage is ground level.
 12. A method for controlling a voltage regulator that is selectively configurable to provide a regulated output load voltage either with the same polarity as the supply voltage or with an inverted polarity relative to the supply voltage, the method comprising the steps of: deriving a feedback signal that varies with load voltage; generating a control signal that is variable proportionately with load current; and applying the control signal to a switching circuit of the regulator; wherein the generating step comprises: supplying a control current from a current source to a control circuit of the switching circuit; diverting the current source current from the control circuit when the voltage of the feedback signal is greater than a first reference voltage and when the voltage of the feedback signal is less than a second reference voltage.
 13. A method as recited in claim 12, wherein the first reference voltage has a positive polarity and the second reference voltage is ground level.
 14. A method as recited in claim 12, wherein the switching circuit and the control circuit are formed on an integrated circuit having a feedback pin; and further comprising the step of applying the feedback signal directly to the feedback pin during load voltage regulation at both the same polarity as the supply voltage or at an inverted polarity relative to the supply voltage.
 15. A method as recited in claim 14, wherein the step of deriving a feedback signal comprises sensing voltage at a node of a feedback circuit, the feedback circuit comprising a first impedance element external to the integrated circuit and a second impedance element internal to the integrated circuit, the node joining the first and second impedance elements.
 16. A method as recited in claim 12, wherein the regulated load voltage level is a boosted level having the same polarity as the supply voltage. 